OSI Model

 OSI or known as Operating System Interconnection, it is an abstract reference model that developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the early 1980s.




It has seven layers to make the network communication happened. All the data from source devices must go through all these seven layers in order to communicate to the destination devices over a network.


Now let us explored the seven layers: Application layer - This layer is simply a GUI or Graphic User Interface that let the user viewing files, transfer files or other tasks that related to network communication to run over a network.


Presentation layer - It converts the data from the Application layer to a standard format to ensure that data from the source device can be interpreted by the destination device. The examples of various kind of standard format are video format (AVI) and graphic image formats (JPEG).


Session layer - This layer is to create or establish the conversation between source and destination application. It maintain or keep the communication active, ends the session if both agree to end the communication and restart sessions as well if there are idle for a certain period of time.


Transport layer - It converts data to segment and manages flow control of data through acknowledgment, windowing, error checking and error recovery. Divide raw data streams from Application layer into segments. This is called segmentation. It has two methods of delivery a data to destination. There are Connection Oriented Protocol (TCP) and Connectionless Protocol (UDP).


Network layer - It converts segment to packet and responsible for end to end delivery packets by using logical addressing method across a network. Fragment packets based on differing Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) that transmit through different physical media.


Data Link layer - This is the layer communicate directly to physical media with framing the packet from the Network layer. Use the Media Access Control to control the placement of the data frame onto the physical media.


Physical layer - This layer convert or encode the frame from Data Link layer to binary signals that represents the bits that can transmitted onto the physical media. It defines the physical and electrical characteristics of the transmission medium, including cable, connectors, encoding and voltage.


Feel free to read.


Article Source: https://EzineArticles.com/expert/Michael_Ming_Teoh/110046




Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/1640655

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Technology

Image
 Technology, that's what got us all into this mess isn't it? The internal combustion engine, jet propulsion, mechanized farming, power stations , pesticides, industrial pollution; the list goes on, and on. And now we're due to pay the price with both global warming and oil depletion looming as a result of squandering the earth's resources to feed our addiction to technology . Surely, since technology is so clearly to blame, we should strive to roll back the tide and oppose further so-called technological progress? Do I hear any takers for this proposition? A return to a golden age , lit by candles at night and warmed by the crackle of logs in countless hearths; a renaissance of home grown crops, chickens in the yard and beating your clothes on a rock down by the river just like you see in the movies? Oh I'm sure there are some diehard romantics who buy into the self sufficiency fantasy, but the really inconvenient truth is that if we all set about burning logs to
Read more

Blockbuster Internet Era

Image
 In this Era of globalization , internet has become the basic need for our daily lives. It is such an invention of a human being which is so vast in terms of knowledge, it gives an overview of and about anything happening in any part of world or any kind of information required with just one click. There are so many popular sites such like Yahoo, Google , Smashits.com and one amongst all is another very popular site named Blockbuster.com, which is yet another link to enter into the world of entertainment , knowledge of what is happening in and around the place. Movie buffs can enjoy the latest grading or reviews about the latest releases. Blockbuster is made not by the movie makers but by the fans and viewer's who see them and appreciate the storyline and admire the actor's. So viewer's this website is for us to see and know that what is worth watching and what's not...This site not only tells us about the reviews but also about the top sellers, what is latest to downl
Read more

Small Business Technology

Image
 It is no secret to anyone that the economy is affecting every portion of the business sector. But most of the so called experts are ignoring the backbone sector of our country....small business owners. It is these small business owners that collectively employ the most employees , contribute the most to the spending channel of our economy and provide the most services that other small business owners need. As a small business consultant, I continue to wonder in amazement the number of business owners who do not or refuse to leverage available technology to not only run their own business efficiently but also use technology to actually reduce costs. I recently was asked to consult with a local, yet popular optician who has been running a well respected and successful business for over 20 years. Why did he call me? He was looking for a way to bring in more customers and increase business as a way to offset rising costs for his products and services. Here is just a sample of what I f
Read more